Externalities

Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of building major infrastructure projects.

Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of increased spending on education.

Case study · The market for meat and the growth of vegetarianism

Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of an increase in indirect tax on animal products (Figure 2 and Extract A, line 17). Use a relevant diagram to support your answer.

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Case study · The market for plastic in the UK

Evaluate the likely impact of a tax on plastic food-packaging. Use a diagram to support your answer.

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Case study · The market for plastic in the UK

Evaluate methods of government intervention which could be used to reduce the market failure associated with plastic waste. Use a diagram to support your answer.

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Evaluate possible methods of government intervention to reduce carbon emissions caused by road transport in the UK.

Case study · The market for television content

Evaluate possible methods of government intervention to reduce the environmental damage caused by the consumption of television content.

Case study · The market for fish

Some economists suggest that the market price of cod does not result in the socially optimum level of output. Evaluate the likely external costs from the over-fishing of cod. Use an appropriate diagram in your answer.

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Case study · The market for fish

Other than using a TAC, evaluate the policy options which could be used to reduce market failure resulting from over-fishing. Use at least one appropriate diagram in your answer.

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Evaluate the likely microeconomic consequences of consumers shifting from vehicles powered by fuel obtained from oil to electric-powered vehicles.

Case study · Turkey – an emerging economy

Evaluate the microeconomic and macroeconomic impact of large infrastructure projects such as the building of a third airport in Istanbul.

Case study · The market for higher education in the UK

Evaluate whether government intervention is able to correct market failure in education.

Case study · Health provision

Evaluate the possible disadvantages of a free market approach to providing health care.

Evaluate the likely private costs and external costs involved in such major power station construction projects. Use an appropriate externalities diagram in your answer.

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Case study · Energy markets

Using the concept of external costs, evaluate whether nuclear power is under-provided or over-provided in the energy market. Use an appropriate diagram in your answer.

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Case study · Energy markets

Evaluate ways in which government intervention could be used to reduce carbon emissions. Use at least one appropriate diagram in your answer.

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Evaluate the likely microeconomic effects of such a tax.

Case study · The cost of living in the UK

Explain one reason why consumers buy less than the social optimum quantity of healthy food.

Case study · The market for meat and the growth of vegetarianism

With reference to Extract A, discuss the likely private costs and external costs caused by meat farming. Use an appropriate diagram in your answer.

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Case study · The electronics industry

With reference to Extract D, discuss possible methods of government intervention to reduce electronic waste.

Case study · The energy market

Examine one likely externality that arises when a producer generates electricity by burning gas. Use a diagram to show the external costs of production.

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Case study · The market for plastic in the UK

Discuss the likely private costs and external costs of the production of plastic.

Case study · The UK online streaming services market

With reference to Extract C, discuss the likely private and external benefits of viewing educational websites and TV programmes.

Case study · The market for television content

With reference to Extract B, explain two external benefits associated with the consumption of ‘public service broadcasting’ (line 2).

Case study · The food delivery industry

Using the information provided, explain one externality that arises in the food delivery market.

Case study · The travel and tourism industry

Examine the likely impact of Thomas Cook’s plan ‘to reduce their airline emissions’ (Extract B, line 6) on the social optimum position. Use an appropriate externalities diagram in your answer.

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Case study · Turkey – an emerging economy

Discuss the likely success of policies to reduce the consumption of single-use plastic bags in cities such as Istanbul.

Case study · The market for higher education in the UK

With reference to Extract A, explain one likely private benefit to students and one likely external benefit of higher education.

Case study · Branded coffee shops

Examine the advantages of using an indirect tax as a means of reducing the use of disposable coffee cups.

Case study · Chile

Examine the likely impact of externalities of copper mining on firms and communities within Chile.

The government subsidises dental care in the UK through the National Health Service (NHS). There has been a large decrease in the work carried out by NHS dentists. Up to 90% of practices are not accepting new NHS patients. Draw an externalities diagram to identify the welfare gain area from the consumption of dental care in the UK.

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Singapore’s education system is provided by the state. With reference to the information above, explain why education is normally provided by the state.

Draw an externalities diagram to show the likely impact of the sewage discharge on the local tourist industry.

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Draw an externalities diagram to show the likely impact of the consumption of higher education.

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Using an example, explain why the government imposes specific taxes on many goods and services.

Explain one likely microeconomic reason why the government is using taxpayers’ money to fund HS2.

Explain one possible reason why the state provides NHS dental treatment.

Define the term ‘external benefits’.

Annotate on Diagram A the welfare gain area and the new social optimum output resulting from successful government intervention in the market for nursery places.

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Explain one measure the Kenyan government could use to reduce the impact of water extraction from Lake Naivasha.

Which one of the following is the most likely reason why a free market fails to achieve the social optimum position?

Which one of the following is the most likely effect of the £180 000 fine?

Which one of the following explains how market failure might occur in a free market economy?

On average, in the UK, a working-age graduate earns approximately £10 000 more per year than a non-graduate. This suggests a university degree provides a substantial

Which one of the following is likely to result in an increase in carbon emissions?

Which one of the following statements is correct?

Which one of the following measures could a government introduce to achieve the social optimum consumption of nursery school places? It could introduce a:

The impact of the flower industry on workers in the fishing industry is an example of: